Joseph Priestley was a chemist, theologian, and philosopher from England, born on March 13, 1733, in Birstall Fieldhead near Leeds, Yorkshire. He was part of the Enlightenment generation, a Water Rooster in the Chinese zodiac, and a Pisces. Priestley died at age 72 in 1804 and was married to Mary Wilkinson from 1762 until she died in 1796, with no remarriage afterward. They had four children: Sarah, Joseph Jr., William, and Henry. Cause of death: natural causes, old age, in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, USA. Joseph Priestley is well-known for his important scientific discoveries, especially for isolating oxygen, which changed the fields of chemistry and biology and helped Antoine Lavoisier name it and develop modern atomic theory. Unlike entertainers, his influence reaches into science, theology, and politics, making him a fitting example beyond the arts; he was born into a family of dissenting cloth-dressers and overcame health problems early on by teaching himself, learning languages like Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, and studying subjects like metaphysics, logic, and natural philosophy before becoming a minister. Joseph Priestley stands out as the most famous figure born on March 13 for his groundbreaking scientific discoveries, particularly the isolation of oxygen, which revolutionized chemistry and biology, enabling Antoine Lavoisier to name it and laying the foundations of modern atomic theory. Unlike entertainers, his impact spans science, theology, and politics, making him ideal beyond the arts according to your criteria. Born into a dissenting cloth-dresser's family, he overcame early health issues through self-study, mastering languages such as Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, as well as metaphysics, logic, and natural philosophy before entering the ministry. Priestley's experiments with a pneumatic trough discovered several types of "airs," including oxygen (which he called dephlogisticated air) that made fires burn better and helped animals breathe, challenging the old phlogiston theory; he also carbonated water, which led to soda, studied how His rigorous empirical methods using lenses, mercury, and sealed vessels advanced gas chemistry, influencing Lavoisier, Cavendish, and Volta, while Lunar Society ties fostered industrial enlightenment ideas, which contributed to the development of modern scientific thought and practices. He wed Mary Wilkinson, the daughter of the ironmaster, in 1762. Together, they raised one daughter, Sarah, and three sons, Joseph Jr., William, and Henry, during their relocations from Warrington to Leeds, Birmingham, and finally Pennsylvania. However, during the post-1791 Church-and-King riots, his lab, home, and chapel were destroyed. Emigrating in 1794, he pastored in Pennsylvania until his death on February 6, 1804; his Unitarian theology promoted rational religion, universal salvation, and civil liberties, inspiring American founders like Jefferson, who hosted him.